$$ C(S_t,t) = N(d_+) S_t - N(d_{-})Ke^{-r(T-t)} $$ Where N is the c.d.f of the normal distribution. B.S. formula services as an accurate mathmatical model to price the option, and enbale the people to hedge the risk against almost any underlying assets. The Greeks for Black–Scholes are given in closed form below. They can be obtained by differentiation of the Black–Scholes formula. Great Introduction: ...
期货合约的定价机制 - 以LME铜为例 Background 大宗商品市场 大宗商品主要交易场所 CME：芝加哥商品交易所 LEM：伦敦金属交易所 ICE 大宗商品交易目的： 国际贸易 对冲风险 投机与投资 市场分类： 现金市场 衍生品市场： 期货 Future （场内交易） 远期 Forward （场外交易 OTC） 掉期 Swaps 期权 Options LME 铜的价格发现 LME参考价格 伦敦金属交易所铜的官方价格每日根据第二天早盘收盘时（伦敦时间 12:30-12:35，伦敦金属交易所公开喊价交易大厅）的买入价和卖出价确定。伦敦金属交易所官方结算价也是在场内确定的，是铜的现金卖方价格，广泛应用于世界各地的实物铜合约。这意味着它代表了任何经批准的伦敦金属交易所铜品牌的价格，这些铜可在两个工作日内交付于伦敦金属交易所全球仓库网络的任何地点。价格确定后，伦敦金属交易所会记录、分发和公布价格给世界各地的供应商，供应商再将数据传播给整个价值链上的行业用户。 交易所视频 -> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mic1Q0oVfgM&t=4s 溢价 (Premium) 与折扣 (discount) LME参考价格不一定是最终合约价格。公司可以从这些价格发现组织和机制提供的更高透明度中受益。因此，公司可以更好地集中精力协商基础金属和其特定产品之间的溢价或折扣价值。这些溢价或折扣可能基于多种因素，其中包括最常提到的一些因素：地理位置、材料等级、杂质和交货条款。 Future Future is a contract that is defined and traded in the exchange. The product is obligation to buy/sell a standard quantity on a set future date, at a fixed price. Long / Short Position Futrue contract are traded at future exchanges. The buyer of a future contract is said to be the long (多头) position holder, and the seller is said to be the short (空头) position holder. Physical delivery / Cash settlement Cash settlement is made based on the underlying reference rate. The parties settle by paying/receiving the loss/gain related to contract in cash when contract expires. Explain concepts with Example I’m growing Potatos at Diddly Squat Farm ...
Common Terminologies in Graph Thoery Define an undirected graph with the natrual order as $G = (V,E,\sigma)$ where $V$ is the set of the vertices, $E$ is the set of edges and $\sigma$ is the natrual ordering. Chordal graph A chordal is a path of undirected graph between two non-conescutive vertices. (“shortcut”" between two vertices") A chordal graph referes to every cycle of length four or greater of a simple graph has a chord. (triangulated graph) Chordal Completion ...
Clique seperator Decomposition by clique seperator (Tarjan, 1985) Main Idea: Based on the idea of ‘divide and conquer’, this paper proposed an graph decomposition algorithm by finding the clique seperator recursively. The decomposition results in a binary decomposition tree. The author suggested some general ideas to tackle 4 NP-hard problems by ultlizing the binary decomposition tree. Preliminaries Perfect elimination ordering, Clique, Minimal and Minimum ordering, Seperator Algorithms Text description ...
Overview Revisitting the sparse matrix technology - Summary. ...
Overview Revisitting the sparse matrix technology. ...
Overview Revisitting the sparse matrix technology. ...
Monte Carlo Tree Search Summary...